Federal and Local Law Enforcement free essay sample

Federal and Local Law Enforcement Sherle Spencer Everest College Intro to Criminal Justice Abstract Police agencies are shaped by the type of government under which they operate and our government consists of federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. These agencies operate with a specific purpose and objective. This paper will focus on the similarities and differences between the FBI and the local police. Police agencies operate at all levels of government, each being responsible for specific duties and functions. These agencies have the daunting task of protecting our nation from outside threats and preventing people from victimizing each other in the community. The FBI The Mission The mission of the FBI is to uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the United States from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States (Kessler, R. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal and Local Law Enforcement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1993). The agency we now know as the Federal Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 when Attorney General Charles J. Bonaparte appointed a force of Special Agents to be the investigative force of the Department of Justice. Prior to that, agents from the Secret Service were used to investigate federal criminal laws within its jurisdiction. From its inception, the FBI was mainly responsible for conducting internal security investigations, but their role was expanded in an effort to counter attempts made by foreign intelligence agencies to steal U. S. military and diplomatic secrets. Today, the Bureau has given top priority to five areas that affect society the most: Counterterrorism, drugs/organized crime, foreign counterintelligence, violent crimes and white-collar crimes. In general, federal law enforcement agencies serve to enforce federal laws and regulations and protect federal property and institutions (Langworthy, R. H. , Travis III, L. F. , 1999). Contributions to Law Enforcement Technology Training The FBI provides law enforcement agencies with services such as fingerprint identification, laboratory examinations, and police training. The Bureau helped to promote the use of the newest technology to identify criminals. The FBI’s crime lab became the catalyst for how technology could be used to solve crimes and in conjunction with the National Crime Information Center, provided a comprehensive nationwide link for arrest and identification records developed by local and state police agencies. The Bureau placed great emphasis on specialized knowledge in the performance of police work and in doing so; Herbert Hoover established a special training school in the Bureau’s New York City office to ensure the proper training of agents. Later, the school was moved to Washington, D. C. , and finally to Quantico, Virginia. In addition to training new federal agents, Hoover created a National Academy to train police from around the country in the latest law enforcement techniques. The main objective was to elevate the level of professionalism in law enforcement nationwide (Theoharis, A. G. , Poveda, T. G. , Rosenfeld, S. , Powers, R. G. , 1999). The Police Patrol The local police are the most visible part of the criminal justice system. Their function is to patrol, arrest law violators, investigate crimes, enforce traffic laws, and provide crowd and traffic control. They are on duty 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and we have a direct line to contact and communicate with them. While on patrol, the officers become acquainted with members of the community; relationships are cultivated, which often times are valuable tools to the beat officer. The most dangerous aspects of police work are carried out by the uniformed patrol officers.

Aunt Connie Cookie Simulation Essay Example

Aunt Connie Cookie Simulation Essay Example Aunt Connie Cookie Simulation Paper Aunt Connie Cookie Simulation Paper In 1986, Aunt Connie was asked to make some cookies for an annual fundraiser. They were willing to pay $50 for 500 cookies instead Aunt Connie offered them 600 cookies for $55. She realized she would be spending $35 on ingredients for making 600 cookies and for 300 cookies it would cost her $10 to bake so it would be $20 regardless 300 or 600 cookies. By charging an extra $5, she would cover her cost and give the club more cookies. This showed people that she had a sense for business. Today Maria Villanueva, the grandniece of Connie, is the CEO of the company and her goal for Aunt Connieâ„ ¢s Cookies is to increase profit and she needs to determine the best way to make this happen. Maria is responsible to decide how money will be spent to make Aunt Connies Cookies succeed without going into debt. First Maria will look at how the price increase for lemon creme and real mint cookies in the last few months has decreased its volume. So Maria needs to maximize her contribution margin and operating profits and she has two choices. Usually when a price reduction occurs, demand will increase so she could revise the unit prices on both the cookies or reach out to more retailers by increasing ad expenses by half on both cookies. Maria must determine how each type of cost effects changes. The advertising expense is a fixed cost that will not change even when the quantity of cookies produced varies. Looking at the cost of ingredients needed to produce the cookies it is a variable cost. These costs will rise as the number of cookies produced increases. The correlation between costs, volume, and the impact on profit of these choices is seen in the contribution margin during the simulation. Maria can use the cost accounting system to help determine the most profitable price point for cookies by evaluating the cost volume profit relationship. ?   Maria wanted to reduce the price of lemon cremes and mint cookies to increase volumes. Maria increases fixed costs through increased advertising. She also decides to increase the margin to the distributors to help increase volumes. ?  Her decision that she made helped increase her sales and profit. Maria was then faced with an offer for a bulk order from a client who wanted to buy a million packs of real mint cookies at $1.20 a pack or nothing. If Maria accepts the order, this will reduce her current volumes being produced in the market and rejecting the order could mean under utilization of capacity. She decided to accept the bulk order by reducing the current production volumes for both cookies. When one is trying to maximize operating profits, it is better to produce more of the product that has a greater contribution margin per unit; in this case it was the lemon creme cookies. The next decision that Maria had to face was a competitorâ„ ¢s peanut butter cookie manufacturing unit was up for sale. The competitorâ„ ¢s owner gave two options to Maria, first she could buy the unit and use the capacity to make lemon creme cookies or buy the unit and continue to make peanut butter cookies. Maria decided to buy the unit and use the capacity to make lemon cremes and manufacture 600,000 packs seeing the breakeven point is 563,000 resulting in operating profits from the new unit. With the holidays just around the corner, the bakers wanted to come out with a special cookie called the Chocorones. Maria needs to decide to up her labor force or her equipment. She decided to update her labor force seeing this is a seasonal cookie and it is more a less an indifference point between the two. By making the right decisions, Maria has increased her profits and acquired an extra business unit helping her use the capacity to make her cookies. She will continue to carry out her Aunt Connieâ„ ¢s legacy and make profit at the same time.

Examination skills- preparation and technique Assignment

Examination skills- preparation and technique - Assignment Example Firstly, it cannot be under-emphasized the one of the most effective techniques is to prioritize the study material. For instance, far too many people engage in the process of revising and devote equal amounts of time to each facet of the information that they might be tested upon. This is a flawed strategy due to the fact that certain parts of the information will come cleary and as second nature to the student; by means of comparison, other aspects of the information may be much harder to understand and require a more thorough approach. Similarly, the setting of revision is oftentimes overlooked. For instance, studies have proven that 1 hour of quality and uninterrupted study time is more effective than many hours of continual interrupted study time and/or distractions (Hing Sun, 2005). As such, a particularly useful technique that I have employed in the past is to set aside a give portion of time as a means of studying. In much the same way that other aspects of the day are planned out, revising can be accomplished within a similar technique. A further technique that should be employed is to resist the pitfall of seeking to memorize everything. Even if one has an exceptionally good memory, this particular approach is pointless as it creates little understanding and does not further the educational achievement of the student beyond merely regurgitating information back onto the page. Finally, and perhaps most obviously, the temptation of cramming for exams must be resisted at all costs. Although many students swear by their ability to procrastinate until the very last minute and then stay up for days at a time as a means of rapidly understanding and memorizing key information, studies and research into these techniques have definitively proven that this approach is fundamentally flawed and ultimately leads to a lower overall score as compared to those students that were able to set aside a given amount