The Relationship Between Ideas And The Historical Context Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Ideas And The Historical Context Essay During the Qin Dynasty, the commencement of the Imperial China begun under the First Emperor Qin Shi Huang in 221 BCE in which the said period, the Imperial China, continued until the Qing or Manchu Dynasty, the ruling dynasty of China. Furthermore, in this dynasty that Legalism became the vital prevailing inspiration that wraps up in the confederacy of China. According to the history, Pinyin Shang Yang, a Chinese statesman and thinker, generated the idea of Legalism in China in order to unify and reorganized the Chinese empire. He supposed that having a very authoritative and influential power would maintain the integrity of the country. Shang Yang made ‘a body of Legalism writings’, which was now known as ‘The Book of Lord Shang’ and this passed through the whole nation strengthening the Legalism policy that accentuated on the sectors of agriculture, war, rewards and chastisements and in dwindling the people in order to reinforce the government that time. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007) Legalism – its Application Legalism is the application of philosophical ideologies and political beliefs in governing the people in China. Many people supposed legalism as a demonic movement in the Chinese history, however, the practice of legalism left a major impact in the nature of Chinese government. According to the thoughts of Confucius, humanity or jen, a key term, caused to be â€Å"goodness†, â€Å"benevolent† or â€Å"love†. Confucius believed that this humanity is very necessary for a man to continue for so long the multiplicity and take pleasure in the riches of the world (de Bary, et al, p11). On the other hand, it is assumed by Hsun Tzu that the goodness of one’s person is acquired and the man in evil in nature (de Bary, et al, p20), the exact reverse of Confucius thought that man is basically good in nature. Han Fei Tzu, a student of Hsun Tzu began his perceptions from his master’s point of view but modified that with the laws of state, goodness in the people can be determined. Thus, establishment of the rewards and punishment is strongly given the focus to recompense those people that offered advantages to the state and to penalize those who violated the rules. As stated by Han Fei, this law should be superlative even that of the power of the emperor to direct individual self-interests. Here with, the written laws alone were enough to preside over the whole state. This practice of Legalism dominated the imperial power of Qin Dynasty that gave birth to ‘totalitarianism’ in which the creation of the famous Great Wall of China was attributed to the long labor of the people in accordance to the law of the Legalists. Unity, commitment to the states and absolutism were the common words in the said era. (Hooker, 1996) Conversely, Confucius answered one man who questioned him about the killings of those acting outside the law that as one desire the good, people will follow like the wind. He even compared those outlaws to a ‘weed’ that when being forced, the more they bend to the laws. (de Barry, et al, p13) As it was, the native people began repulsive to the way the government was regulated and policies being implemented, therefore led to the collapse of the Qin Dynasty. This period in the Chinese history was marked distasteful and obnoxious to the Chinese populace. Nonetheless, the way of the Legalist in ruling one’s state was overpoweringly influential to the succeeding administrations. Utilitarianism, rule of law and uniform standardization of the law and culture were some of the ideas of Legalism that were adopted in the Han Dynasty, the successor of the Qin Dynasty. These adapted ideas tended to standardize and to have a centralized government in merging the rival schools of thought into single system that gave birth to the Han Synthesis. Reference http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067124/Shang-Yang

Conclusion of Midterm :: essays research papers

Error Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In such a big lab, so many errors can occur and even one little one can ruin everything. One could have missed a procedure or done a procedure incorrectly. Another could have been using the incorrect amount of liquid or sludge. Someone could have lost a test-tube or labeled it wrong causing the results to be mixed. Using too much water in the solubility tests or not getting all measurements almost exactly accurate could be two sources of error. One big mistake could be creating a vacuum in the fractional Distillation part of the lab. One careless mistake could have been doing the calculations incorrectly. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sludge lab is a long and complicated lab. So much can go wrong so easily. So we had to be very careful when doing this lab. It was basically a recap of all our previous labs done this year. First we used the Fractional Distillation. Then we used the Solubility lab and the density labs. Only new part was identifying the metal, but that wasn't very hard. So it was good that we reviewed our lab reports. This way we knew what procedures to take and what mistakes not to make. So it seems like we did everything right because the results make sense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To get and identify Fraction I, we had to do a lot. First we filtered the sludge. Then we took 25cm3 of the sludge and separated it into three parts. So we took the first fraction and experimented on it. We purified it and determined its boiling point, density and solubility. We also had to see if it had an odor and whether it was flammable or not. After doing all this we realized that this Fraction was Isopropanol Alcohol. We came to this conclusion by looking at our data for the solubility, density, odor, boiling point, and flammability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To get and identify Fraction III, we had to continue from Fraction I. After getting the first fraction we had to change tubes and et 2 more fractions. We threw away the 2nd because it was just a leftover mix. We took the third fraction and experimented on it. We purified it and determined its boiling point, density and solubility. We also had to see if it had an odor and whether it was flammable or not. After doing all this we realized that this Fraction was Water. We came to this conclusion by looking at our data for the solubility, density, odor, boiling point, and flammability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Determining the soluble solid was hard and a rigorous procedure.

New Issues during the Civil Rights Movements Essay

â€Å"What new issues emerged for the civil rights movement in the period 1965-1970? How did black leaders respond to those issues in different ways? † During the period 1965-1970, new issues had emerged for the civil rights movement, such as the question of whether Martin Luther King’s philosophy of non-violent tactics were too moderate and limited, poverty and voting rights. During 1965 to 1970, black leaders responded to these issues in a number of ways. Responses to these issues included the forming of Black Nationalist groups, voter registration campaigns and campaigns to get rid of poverty. An issue that emerged during 1965-1970 for the black civil rights movement was voting rights. Even though blacks had been given the right to vote since 1964, they often were frightened and intimidated by the whites if they went and voted. An example of this is with Fannie Ion Hamer. When Hamer came back from registering to vote, she was met by the owner of the plantation where she and her husband had worked for 17 years and was told that she would either leave or withdraw her name from the voters roll. She left and that night 16 shots were fired at the house she and her husband were staying in. Blacks were forced to do literacy tests, which most failed, before they could become registered voters; this was done to prevent the blacks from voting as they didn’t have very good literacy skills. By 1965 very few blacks were still not enrolled for example in Selma and Alabama, where only 350 blacks were registered to vote. The voting had become a new issue because many black civil rights leaders realized the significance of blacks voting to get their own people into positions of authority and create more progress for blacks in America. Another issue that emerged in the 1965-1970 for the black civil rights movement was the question whether Martin Luther King’s philosophy of non-violence stance was too moderate and limited. Martin Luther King’s tactics for making America desegregated was all non-violence, for example sit-ins, marches, signs or protests, boycotts, freedom rides and wait-ins. At first these tactics worked. The freedom rides achieved to desegregate bus terminals, issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission. The sit-ins worked because the protesters annoyed the whites, but not enough for them to take violent action from the police. Bills and laws were being passed. In the 1963 Birmingham campaign led by Martin Luther King the sit-ins, boycotts and mass marches managed to desegregate Birmingham. But by 1966 Black Power emerged and was an alternative philosophy to non-violent protest that civil rights’ activists could use. To some black leaders the methods Martin Luther King had always seemed too fair and his aim of winning concessions from the white majority appeared too inadequate. This was an issue to many blacks, because even though the non-violent methods worked most of the time, blacks were still getting beaten for it and or even killed. The Black Power became a very good alternative because it united black people to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It was a call for black people to define their own goals, doing whatever is necessary to get what they need. The Black Power proved its point in the riots that emerged in Watts, Selma and Chicago, where blacks got what they wanted using means of violence. The riots showed that violence can be the answer too, the total opposite of Martin Luther King’s beliefs. Poverty was another issue the civil rights movement had to face in the period 1965-1970. Poverty of blacks occurred because of blacks being denied skilled jobs that paid well, this led the blacks to not having enough money for education, housing and food supplies, which led to theft among their own people. Blacks in ghettos believed there was no point in going to school if in the end they weren’t to get any good, well paid jobs. Blacks found that there was no use in working if their jobs paid a little more than the Social Security payments for the unemployed. These beliefs created a cycle of poverty and that in order to change and progress further than they already are they needed to break that poverty cycle. This proved to be a great challenge for conservative black groups and leaders but was one of the significant factors for the rise of nationalists groups. In response to the issue of voting rights, black leaders held many voter registration campaigns and demonstrations. An example was the Selma Campaign in 1965, which became a significant campaign. Marches from Selma to Montgomery, which had been banned by the Federal Court, was led by Martin Luther King. On one march the marchers were met by State Troops and so King led them in prayer and marched them back to Selma. This cost the support of many King’s younger supporters, but the Selma Campaign was still a success. This led to the introduction of the Voters’ Rights Bill, which ensured that obstruction to voting would be prevented and many more blacks were now enrolling. In response to the questioning of Martin Luther Kings non-violent methods, black leaders started to form nationalists groups which had more violent policies. For example, in 1966 the Black Panthers were formed. They called for the arming of blacks, to have all blacks released from prison and for blacks to receive compensation for centuries of exploitation by whites. This group also used a lot of violence, but younger blacks found this more appealing than Martin Luther King’s tactics, as they had more aggressive approaches and could relate to blacks who had grown up in the ghettos. Finally, in response to the issue of poverty, black leaders held campaigns for this problem too. During 1968, King organised the ‘Poor Peoples Campaign’. This was an attempt to bring together all of America’s poor – not just blacks – and was obviously not fought along racial lines. This would have been a great way to deal with the poverty of America because it would have brought together many different groups of people in order to achieve common goals. In conclusion during the civil rights movement in years 1965-1970, the new issues that emerged were voting rights, the question whether Martin Luther King’s tactics were too fair and limited and poverty. These issues were responded by the black leaders in different ways such as the forming of Black Nationalists groups, for example the Black Panthers, voter registration campaigns and campaigns to get rid of poverty.

Computer Repair Business Plan - 4973 Words

[pic] Computer Repair Business Strategic Business and Marketing Plan The information in this document is confidential and is to be only read by authorized parties. Please refer to the confidentiality agreement for further details. This business plan is not an offering for securities. Confidentiality Agreement The undersigned reader acknowledges that the information provided in this business plan is confidential; therefore, the reader agrees not to disclose it without the express written permission of or an authorized agent of Computer Repair Business, Inc. It is acknowledged by the reader that information furnished in this business plan is in all respects confidential in nature, other than information which is in the public†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Financing for the first six months of operation. †¢ Capital to purchase an inventory of computers and computer parts. Mr. Doe will contribute $10,000 to the venture. 1.3 Mission Statement The Computer Repair Business’ mission is to become the recognized leader in its targeted market for computer repair and customization services. 1.4 Management Team The Company was founded by John Doe. Mr. Doe has more than 10 years of experience in the technology industry. Through his expertise, he will be able to bring the operations of the business to profitability within its first year of operations. 1.5 Sales Forecasts Mr. Doe expects a strong rate of growth at the start of operations. Below are the expected financials over the next three years. |Proforma Profit and Loss (Yearly) | | | |Year |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Sales |$621,378 |$745,654 |$872,415 | |Operating Costs |$379,340 |$416,130 |$454,758 | |EBITDA |$55,624 |$105,827 |$155,933 | |Taxes, Interest, and Depreciation |$33,982 |$49,363 |$67,992 | |Net ProfitShow MoreRelatedBest Buy Geek Squad, Microcenter, And Microsoft964 Words   |  4 Pages It is important for our upcoming business to be aware of the current competition in their field. Whether they will become competition or even create a partnership it is important to learn from their decisions. Companies like Best Buy Geek Squad, Microcenter, Apple, and Microsoft are a few of the well-known companies that we can expect to compete with. First with Best Buy, they offer warranties, installations, support, diagnostics, and repairs. They are very well known within the field and generallyRead MoreComputer System : A Computer Repair Company984 Words   |  4 PagesBeginning a computer fixing company could quickly be thought about one of the fastest expanding home services in the US. There might be concerns about what abilities you will require, various other than computer system skills you will certainly need in beginning a computer repair company, and also the steps include d in getting it off the ground. You will need to comply with a sensible, cautious steps and also plan extremely carefully making certain you recognize exactly what you have to do beforeRead MoreAtlanta PC Repair Marketing Plan Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesAtlanta PC Repair Marketing Plan Keller Graduate School of Management MM 522 Summer 10, Session B EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SERVICE DESCRIPTION AND SITUATION ANALYSIS Atlanta PC Repair provides computer, technical, and consulting services to small businesses and home computer users. Our services include, but are not limited to: * Software and hardware repair * Network installation and maintenance * Hardware and Software upgrade services * Training * Business name reflects theRead MoreConfidentiality, Non Disclosure And Non Solicitation Agreement1367 Words   |  6 PagesCONFIDENTIALITY, NON-DISCLOSURE AND NON-SOLICITATION AGREEMENT 1. Definitions. The term Advance Computer Repair as used in the agreement includes the company and its affiliates. 2. Disclosure of Confidential Information. I understand that for any reason during my employment or thereafter, unless required in the course of my employment at Computer Repair, L.L.C I shall not disclose or authorize anyone to publish any confidential information belonging to the company. No information will be releasedRead MoreMarket Analysis : The Target Market1543 Words   |  7 Pagestarget market towards which this services and product is targeting is seniors (baby boomers), immigrants, others who want to learn how to use technology, people who want to learn programming and anyone looking to buying a new and affordable computer or looking to repair their device. We are targeting seniors because they usually don’t know how to use technology as it wasn’t very popular in their time. Most importantly, our service is targeted towards the baby boomer populations because they are a largeRead MoreDesigning A System Design For An Automobile Repair Business1371 Words   |  6 Pagescomposed of 5 people. We have selected to put together the design for a service order and invoicing application for an auto repair business. We have named our project ARS which stands for Auto Repair System. JMC Auto Repair is the business we selected for our project. It is a small family business without a sophisticated computer system. Even though they have a personal computer they do not have an application to process their service orders or manage customer information. We are going to design anRead MoreEssay On Launching A Small Business1111 Words   |  5 PagesLaunching Your Own Small Business The new century has brought upon the most advanced consumer products that are simply magical. The smartest man from only a few decades ago could never imagined that a hunk of metal, electricity, and glass the size of a wallet could give the average American access to all of the worlds documented information. Technology has shaped the world at an alarming rate, it is a crazy time to be alive. Technology changed how we interact with our peers and loved ones, in myRead MoreThe Business Plan for State-of-the-Art Computer Technology1046 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This business plan has been primarily prepared in order to find out the feasibility in the implementation of state-of-art computer technology and revolutionary computer product. The other plan like marketing plan, operational plan and financial plan are drawn keeping in mind real scenario of the business and current market. By concentrating on its qualities, its key clients, and the underlying qualities they require, Nerd Patrol (NP) will build bargains consistently in its initialRead MoreCase Study : The Solution Business Model Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesThe Solution Business The solution business is yet another traditional time tested business model. Like the freelance model it can be combined with the specialization business, debt business, or the first to market business. In many ways the solution business model can be compared to the freelancer model. Some might even say it is the same. Yet I would counter this statement by explaining how this model is based on intentionally creating a scalable model, if the freelancer does not show upRead MoreWhat Is The Viability Of A Future Business?1008 Words   |  5 Pagesviability of a future projected business, which consists in the foundation of a computer sales and services company called CSGlobal, this name stands for â€Å"computer services global†, and will be in the city of Miami. This business idea arises for the need of complimentary services that the city lacks to provide at certain days of the week and late hours, besides to offer computer solutions for small, medium-sized companies and home consumers. The idea of this business plan is to run a company that is

The Pancreas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 321 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Anatomy Essay Did you like this example? The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the bodys cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar. Basic Anatomy: The pancreas is located behind the stomach and is surrounded by other organs including the small intestine, liver, and spleen. It is about six inches long and is shaped like a flat pear. The wide part, called the head of the pancreas, is positioned toward the center of the abdomen; the middle section is called the neck and the body of the pancreas; the thin end is called the tail and extends to the left side. Several major blood vessels surround the pancreas, the superior mesenteric artery, the superior mesenteric vein, the portal vein and the celiac axis, supplying blood to the pancreas and other abdominal organs. Exocrine Function: The pancreas contains exocrine glands that produce enz ymes important to digestion. When food enters the stomach, these pancreatic juices are released into a system of ducts that culminate in the main pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater which is located at the first portion of the small intestine, called the duodenum. The common bile duct originates in the liver and the gallbladder and produces another important digestive juice called bile. The pancreatic juices and bile that are released into the duodenum, help the body to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Endocrine Function: The endocrine component of the pancreas consists of islet cells that create and release important hormones directly into the bloodstream. Two of the main pancreatic hormones are insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, and glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels is crucial to the functioning of key organs including the brain, liver, and kidneys. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Pancreas" essay for you Create order

Brand New Content Deal Endorphina And Betmoin - 1289 Words

Endorphina and Betmoin come together for brand new content deal In the world of online casino gaming there is absolutely no room for a software distributor and developer to take a backwards strep. Showing that they are always thinking forward, Endorphina is seemingly moving forward with Betmotion through a brand new working arrangement. This agreement relates to content, as both will now be joining forces to give players the total gambling experience. Speaking on Endorphina specifically, it represents a major move into a non-European market, as Betmotion is widely scene as the top LatAm casino operator. Meshing together in the weeks to come, Betmotion members will soon to be granted access to Endorphina’s leading releases, including†¦show more content†¦Growing, expanding, and promising to deliver something spectacular, it seems that Endorphina has its eyes set on emerging as a casino software developer to watch. With this brand new working arrangement and content distribution agreement in place, which is bringing fresh products t o Betmotion audiences, the great attention to detail that Endorphina showcase is about to be exposed to brand new eyes. Microgaming unveils fresh slots release Electric Diva Seemingly not a week goes by when Microgaming isn’t touting a new online slots release. This time around it looks like the developer has something truly electric tucked up its sleeve. Through what looks to be an extensive new development process, the globally known brand has created Electric Diva, a lightning powered, guitar fuelled slots experience. Carrying a more divine touch than other major Microgamung releases of the past, Electric Diva is a game that takes players all the way to way to Spark City and back. Before you get enticed into giving Electric Diva whirl, it pays to know exactly what the game entails. For starters, this online slot game stands by a very familiar 5 reels, 3 rows, and 40 paylines, something that certainly works to give the game the comfort factor. Money wise, Electric Diva certainly packs in plenty of punch, as the game has a minimum bet of

A Study on the Concept of Green Building Analysis of Its Practice in International and Domestic Levels free essay sample

Table of Contents 1. Introduction9 2. Purpose9 3. Methodology9 4. What is Green Building? 10 5. Objectives of Green Building11 6. Why Build Green? 11 7. How do buildings affect climate change? 12 8. Benefits of Green Building12 9. Elements of Green Buildings13 9. 1. Siting and structure design efficiency13 9. 2. Energy efficiency14 9. 3. Water efficiency14 9. 4. Materials efficiency14 9. 5. Indoor environmental quality enhancement15 9. 6. Operations and maintenance optimization15 9. 7. Waste Toxic Reduction15 9. 8. Occupant Health and Safety16 10. What building types can be green? 16 11. Critics of Green Building, Cost16 12. Green Home17 2. 1. Heating and Cooling18 12. 2. Lighting22 12. 3. Insulation, Air Sealing, and Weatherization23 12. 4. Windows, Skylights, and Exterior Doors23 12. 5. Hot Water Systems24 12. 6. Interior Walls and Ceilings25 12. 7. Air Cleaning25 12. 8. Exterior Finishes25 12. 9. Green Power for the Home25 13. Other Practices related to Green Home27 14. Green Bui lding, practice at International Level28 14. 1. Non-synergic Practice28 14. 2. Synergic Practice, World Green Building Councils30 14. 2. 1. Vision30 14. 2. 2. Mission30 14. 2. 3. Goal31 14. 2. 4. The challenge32 14. 2. 5. The  solution32 14. 2. 6. GBC Membership, How to become a member? 33 14. . 7. Membership Types33 14. 2. 8. Present Members of GBC33 14. 2. 9. Green Building Rating Systems35 14. 3. United States Green Building Council36 14. 3. 1. About USGBC36 14. 3. 2. USGBCs Mission36 14. 3. 3. USGBCs Vision36 14. 3. 4. USGBCs Headquarters36 14. 3. 5. USGBC Programs37 14. 3. 6. Certified Buildings of US GBC (details at appendix)38 14. 4. Indian Green Building Council39 14. 4. 1. About IGBC39 14. 4. 2. Rating Systems of IGBC39 14. 4. 3. Membership in IGBC41 14. 4. 4. IGBC Programs41 14. 4. 5. Certified buildings of IGBC42 15. Green Building, practice in Bangladesh43 15. 1. Case 01: Solar Panel at PM Office, March’1043 5. 2. Case 02: Solar Panel at Bangladesh Bank HO, March’1043 15. 3. Case 03: Green Building solution in the new office of Viyellatex , Feb’1043 15. 4. Green Home, practice in Bangladesh46 15. 5. Recommendations46 16. Conclusion47 17. Bibliography48 Appendix A, UGBC Project Profile (2 projects) Appendix B, Presentation Slides Executive Summary Green Building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings lif e-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. It is also known as green construction or sustainable building or high performance building. Objectives of Green Building are: †¢Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources †¢Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity †¢Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation It has several benefits like: †¢Environmental benefits †¢Economic benefits †¢Social benefits Green Building also contributes in slowing down the pace of global climate change by reducing the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions produced by buildings. Green Home, the prototype of Green Building concept, focuses on the objectives of Green Building at micro level. This covers the following aspects of a home: †¢Heating and Cooling †¢Lighting †¢Insulation, Air Sealing, and Weatherization etc. The concept of Green Building is being practiced worldwide through two different approaches: Non-Synergic (like ISO 21931) and Synergic (Green Building Councils). The World Green Building Council (WGBC) is promoting the concept by opening chapters in several countries of the world in a synergic way. In Bangladesh, Green Building is not being practiced in either non-synergic or synergic way. Along with the long use case of some Green Home practices, recently in 2010, three isolated instances of ‘partial practice of Green Building’ have been observed in Bangladesh. To attain benefits of Green Building in Bangladesh, we have recommended: Local Perspectives †¢Promotion of Green Building concepts by government †¢Opening of the ‘Bangladesh Chapter of World Green Building Council (wgbc)’ †¢Educating and creating service professionals through specialized courses on relevant engineering and environmental sciences International Perspectives Exporting services of Green Building professionals We have also recommended for the following to build a Greener Globe: †¢ Green Practices at micro level, Green Home is the starter. †¢ Chapters of WGBC need to be opened and practiced in all countries to ensure synergy in activities and sharing know-how and technologies from the same ground. †¢ Bringing synergy in the non-synergic initiati ves of Green Building concept so that ultimate objective of having a greener globe remains same. A study on the concept of Green Building analysis of its practice in international and domestic levels . Introduction In the present time of ‘critical environmental and climate issues’ and growing threat of ‘shortening storage of fuel and energy resources’, the inhabitants of the globe are bound to think seriously on the sustainability of the environment and ensuring livable conditions for the next generations. The time has come to practice the concept of Green Building as one of the measures of protecting the environment which promotes building infrastructure in a way that is environmentally responsible and efficient in energy utilization. In this term paper after going through detail study of this concept we have analyzed its practices across the globe. With a special focus on the practice of this concept in Bangladesh context, we have recommended on how the same can be made more effective from both Bangladesh and global perspectives. 2. Purpose Purpose of this term paper is to study the concept of ‘Green Building’ and analyze its practice in international and domestic levels. 3. Methodology Date Source: Data has been collected from relevant internet resources which are categorized as secondary source of information. Sampling Plan: Study didn’t require conducting through any statistical sampling plan. Limitation of the Study: Reliability only on the secondary source of information. Report Preview: The concept of Green Building has been studied at the first part of the report. In the second part, we have analyzed the practice of it internationally, at different countries of the world and at the last part we have analyzed the same for Bangladesh. Study was not required to conduct through any statistical sampling plan. Part-I Green Building, the concept and other details 4. What is Green Building? Green Building, also known as green construction or sustainable building or high performance building, is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. pic] [pic] 5. Objectives of Green Building Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: †¢ Efficiently using energy, water, and ot her resources †¢ Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity †¢ Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation In other words, through Green Buildings following impacts are taken care: Aspects of Built |Consumption |Environmental Effects |Ultimate Effects | |Environment | | | | |Siting |Energy |Waste |Harm to Human Health | |Design |Water |Air pollution |Environment Degradation | |Construction |Materials |Water pollution |Loss of Resources | |Operation |Natural Resources |Indoor pollution | | |Maintenance | |Heat islands | | |Renovation | |Storm water runoff | | |Deconstruction | |Noise | | 6. Why Build Green? From a recent statistics published by EPA[1] United States, buildings account for: †¢ 39 percent of total energy use †¢ 12 percent of the total water consumption 68 percent of total electricity consumption †¢ 38 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions The built environment has a vast impact on the natural environment, human health, and the economy. By adopting green building strategies, maximization of both economic and environmental performance can be attained. Green construction methods can be integrated into buildings at any stage, from design and construction, to renovation and deconstruction. However, the most significant benefits can be obtained if the design a nd construction team takes an integrated approach from the earliest stages of a building project. 7. How do buildings affect climate change? The energy used to heat and power our buildings leads to the consumption of large amounts of energy, mainly from burning fossil fuels oil, natural gas and coal which generate significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most widespread greenhouse gas. Buildings in the U. S. contribute 38. 1 percent of the nations total carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions produced by buildings is therefore fundamental to the effort to slow the pace of global climate change. Buildings may be associated with the release of greenhouse gases in other ways, for example, construction and demolition debris that degrades in landfills may generate methane, and the extraction and manufacturing of building materials may also generate greenhouse gas emissions. . Benefits of Green Building Potential benefits of green building can include: Environmental benefits †¢ Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems †¢ Improve air and water quality †¢ Redu ce waste streams †¢ Conserve and restore natural resources †¢ Reduce emission of CO2 Economic benefits †¢ Reduce operating costs †¢ Create, expand, and shape markets for green product and services †¢ Improve occupant productivity †¢ Optimize life-cycle economic performance Social benefits †¢ Enhance occupant comfort and health †¢ Heighten aesthetic qualities †¢ Minimize strain on local infrastructure †¢ Improve overall quality of life 9. Elements of Green Buildings Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e. g. , using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well. While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the method is derived: 1. Siting and Structure Design Efficiency 2. Energy Efficiency 3. Water Efficiency 4. Materials Efficiency 5. Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement 6. Operations and Maintenance Optimization 7. Waste and Toxics Reduction 8. Occupant Health and Safety The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect. On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify green building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy. 1. Siting and structure design efficiency The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizing the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the buildings relevant life-cycle stages. 2. Energy efficiency Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space), they may use high efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads. Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building. 3. Water efficiency Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas of the country, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer. 4. Materials efficiency Building materials typically considered to be green include rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainable managed, ecology blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e. g. Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, oncrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete) , etc. Using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects heavily reduces carbon emissions as well. Building mater ials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximize benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. 5. Indoor environmental quality enhancement During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions will improve Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as VOC[2]s and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants health and productivity as well. Avoiding these products will increase a buildings IEQ. Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC[3] system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a buildings thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the lighting quality of a structure. 6. Operations and maintenance optimization No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O) personnel are part of the projects planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the OM phase of a buildings life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a buildings life-cycle, it is in the OM phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. 7. Waste Toxic Reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills. To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. Grey water, wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e. g. to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes. 8. Occupant Health and Safety Choose construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions to improve indoor air quality. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as volatile organic compoun ds (VOC) and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants health and productivity. Provide adequate ventilation and a high-efficiency, in-duct filtration system. Heating and cooling systems that ensure adequate ventilation and proper filtration can have a dramatic and positive impact on indoor air quality. Prevent indoor microbial contamination through selection of materials resistant to microbial growth, provide effective drainage from the roof and surrounding landscape, install adequate ventilation in bathrooms, allow proper drainage of air-conditioning coils, and design other building systems to control humidity. 10. What building types can be green? Any type of building has the potential to become a green or sustainable building, however every building type has different design and efficiency needs depending on its particular function. New buildings may be designed, built and operated to be green buildings. Existing building can also become green through remodeling, retrofitting and improved operations. 11. Critics of Green Building, Cost The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price. Photovoltaic, new appliances and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of